Benefits Of Owning The Corporation Essay - 786 Words

According to Longenecker, Petty, Palich, and Hoy (2014), â€Å"an entrepreneur is a person who relentlessly pursues an opportunity, in either a new or an existing enterprise, to create value while assuming both the risk and the reward for her or his efforts† (p, 6). In other words, entrepreneurs are risk takers that are motived by profits, achievements, or success. This motivation helped Chairman Michael German (i.e., German) help grow his family business from startup to a forty-six employee company. Although German shared how the organization has successfully grown over the years, there are advantages and disadvantages of owning the corporation; therefore, his recommendations are important for future entrepreneurs. Founded by German and his son Alex German (i.e., CEO) in May 2004, German Son, Inc. (G S) is a New York based, family-owned, third party logistics provider. A brief interview with German was conducted on December 16, 2016. As per German, he decided to start the business with his son because â€Å"Alex had the expertise in the industry† while he had the business experience (M. German, personal communication, December 16, 2016). German obtained most of his business experience in the telecommunications industry. On the other hand, Alex obtained most of his experience and working relationships in the distribution industry. At the end of 2003, Alex’s employer relocated and paid him severance that equaled to his one year’s salary. As a result, Alex made theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Lockheed Martin Stakeholder Analysis1328 Words   |  6 Pageson stakeholders. Corporations have impacts on a variety of people ranging from shareholders, to governments, to ordin ary citizens. This paper analyzes the impact Lockheed Martin has on all stakeholders, both positive and negative. | Matthew Vogt Business, Government and Society 26 April 2010 Lockheed Martin: Stakeholder Analysis What is a stakeholder? A stakeholder is someone who someone who benefits or is burdened by a corporation, or someone who the corporation benefits or is burdened byRead MoreEquity Ownership Of A Company881 Words   |  4 Pages After exploring debt ownership last week, this week we are going to explore equity ownership. One of the major concerns of owning equity in a company is the ability of that company to perform, which is the only one of the only ways an investor can receive a return on an equity instrument. The most common form of equity ownership in a company is common stock and by owning shares, you are a part-owner of the company. Along with ownership comes the right to vote on certain company issues such asRead MoreDifferent Types Of Business Ownership1277 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure your business, you#39;ll need to know what your options are. 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Effective Transitions Of A Self Contained Classroom Essay

Effective Transitions in a Self Contained Classroom Julie Harrell Thomas University Table of Contents Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Review of the Literature 6 The Effect of Instructional Time 7 Classroom Management 8 Classroom Arrangement 9 Positive Behavior in the Classroom 10 Teaching Transition Strategies 11 Planned Lesson Activities and Visuals 14 Procedures/Methodology 15 Participants 15 Instruments 15 Treatment 16 Procedures 17 Data Analysis 18 Results 18 Conclusion 18 Final Comments 18 References 19 Appendices 21 Appendices A 21 Appendices B 22 Appendices C 23 Appendices D 24 Appendices E 25 Abstract Efficient transition strategies throughout the day can improve a teacher s instructional time or it can decrease it. Transitions are among the most riskiest times of the day. The busy movement, the close interaction, the loud voices and sense of freedom children have during this time, all come together to increase the possibility of misbehavior. 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An Outline of the Cell Theory Free Essays

string(162) " introduced to humans to replace the damaged bone marrow of some leukemia patients †¢Bone marrow transplants are one of the many therapeutic uses of stem cells\." Chapter 2 IB Biology 2. 1 Cell Theory 2. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on An Outline of the Cell Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Outline the cell theory (2). †¢All organisms are composed of one or more cells †¢Cells are the smallest units of life †¢All cells come from preexisting cells †¢TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms †¢Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single function; subcellular things like organelles 2. 1. Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3). †¢Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined the term â€Å"cell† Antoine van Leeuwenhoek observed the 1st living cells and referred to them as animalcules. â€Å"microscope† †¢In 1838, botanist Mathias Schleiden stated that plants are made of independent separate being called cells. Later, Theoder Schwann made a similar statement about animals. †¢The 2nd principle continues to gain support because we have not been able to find any living entity that is not made of at least one cell. Louis Pasteur in the 1860s performed experiments to support the last principle. After sterilizing chicken broth by boiling, Pasteur showed that living organisms would not ‘spontaneously’ reappear. â€Å"biogenesis† †¢Only after exposure to preexisting cells was life able to re-establish itself in the chicken broth. †¢Eukaryotes- mitosis; prokaryotes- binary fission; thus all cells have a common ancestor- original ancestral form 2. 1. 3 State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life (1). †¢Functions include: Metabolism- chemical reactions that occur within an organism †¢Growth- may be limited but is always evident in some way †¢Reproduction- hereditary molecules that can be passed to offspring †¢Response- to environment is imperative to survival †¢Homeostasis- maintain a constant internal environment ex: temp †¢Nutrition- provide a source of compounds with many chemical bonds which can be broken to provide the organism with the NRG and the nutrients necessary to maintain life CHNOPS 2. 1. 4 Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit (3). Cells- 100 micrometers (plant) †¢Organelles- lt; 10 micrometers †¢Bacteria- 1 micrometer †¢Viruses- 100 nanometers †¢Membranes- 10 nanometers thick †¢Molecules- 1 nanometer †¢Animal cell- 10 micrometers †¢cm = 10-2 m †¢mm = 10-3 m †¢um = 10-6 m †¢nm = 10-9 m †¢A = 10-10 m 2. 1. 5 Calculate the linear magnification of drawings and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification (2). †¢Magnification = size of image divided by the size of specimen †¢Magnification = measured length / scale bar level †¢Actual size = measured length / magnification 2. 1. Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size (3). †¢In the cell, the rate of heat and waste production and rate of resource consumption are functions that depend of its volume. †¢Most of the chemical reactions occur in the interior of the cell and its size affects the rate of these reactions. †¢The surface of the cell, the membrane, controls what materials move in and out of the cell. †¢Cells with more surface are per unit volume are able to move materials in and out of the cell, for each unit volume of the cell. As the width of the object increases, the surface area also increases but at a much slower rate than the volume. †¢This means that a large cell has less surface area to bring in needed materials and to rid the cell of waste than a small cell. †¢Because of this, cells are limited to the size they can attain and still be able to carry out the functions of life. Large animals have more cells not larger ones. †¢A large surface area to volume ratio means the cell can act more efficiently: for every unit of volume that requires nutrients or produces waste, there is more membrane to serve it. But this is not always an advantage- cell can lose heat quickly. †¢As organisms grow, cells divide. 2 small cells are more efficient than one. †¢Alveoli in lungs maximize surface for gas exchange. 2. 1. 7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties (1). †¢Different things come together to make process †¢Cells-tissues-organs-etc. †¢Ability to reproduce themselves. Allows possibility of growth and for replacement of damaged or dead cells. 2. 1. 8 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (3). Start out as single cell that reproduces at a rapid rate then the resulting cells go through a differentiation (different cells- different functions- to run an organism) process to produce all required cell types that are necessary for organism. †¢Every cell in a multicellular organism contains all the genes of that organism. However, the genes that are activated vary from cell to cell. †¢Differentiation- when we break something complex into its component pieces, they each appear to be simple. Combined, they can perform a whole new function. Cells within a multi cellular organism specialize their function. †¢Examples: muscles cells, cardiac cells †¢This differentiation process is the result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others †¢Genes allow for the production of all different cells in the organism †¢Each cell contains all the genetic info for the production of the complete organism †¢Each cell becomes a specific type of cell dependent of which DNA segment becomes active 2. 1. 9 State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways (1). Retain ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types †¢Embryonic stem cells retain the ability to form any type of cell in an organism and can even form a complete organism †¢When stem cells divide to form a specific type of tissue, they also produce some cells that remain as stem cells. This allows for the continual production of a particular type of tissue. †¢Pluripotent- give rise to any type of cell †¢Treating diseases? 2. 1. 10 Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells (2). †¢Replace differentiated cells lost due to injury Therapeutic cloning- implanted stem cells replace lost cells †¢Tissue- specific stem cells- these cells reside in certain tissue types and can only produce new cells of that particular tissue †¢For example, stem cells have been introduced to humans to replace the damaged bone marrow of some leukemia patients †¢Bone marrow transplants are one of the many therapeutic uses of stem cells. You read "An Outline of the Cell Theory" in category "Papers" Stem cells found in the bone marrow give rise to the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the body. These stem cells can be used in bone marrow transplants to treat people who have certain types of cancer. When a patient has cancer and is given high doses of chemotherapy, the chemotherapy kills the cancer cells but also the normal cells in the bone marrow. This means that the patient cannot produce blood cells. So before the patient is treated with chemotherapy, he or she can undergo a bone marrow harvest in which stem cells are removed from the bone marrow by using a needle which is inserted into the pelvis (hip bone). Alternatively, if stem cells cannot be used from the patient then they can be harvested from a matching donor. After the chemotherapy treatment the patient will have a bone marrow transplant in which the stem cells are transplanted back into the patient through a drip, usually via a vein in the chest or the arm. These transplanted stem cells will then find their way back to the bone marrow and start to produce healthy blood cells in the patient. Therefore the therapeutic use of stem cells in bone marrow transplants is very important as it allows some patients with cancer to undergo high chemotherapy treatment. Without this therapeutic use of stem cells, patients would only be able to take low doses of chemotherapy which could lower their chances of curing the disease. †¢Ethical issues- embryonic stem cells come from embryos obtained from labs doing IVF. involves death of embryo. 2. 2 Prokaryotic Cells 2. 2. 1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote (1). †¢Plasmid is circular thing not on diagram. Refer to book. †¢Size of cell: 1-2 um †¢Absence of membrane bound organelles Prokaryote examples: (look at notes for pictures) †¢straight rod- Escherichia †¢Club shaped rod- corynebacterium †¢Spore forming rods- bacillus †¢Coccus Staphylococcus 2. 2. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Cell wall: Protects the cell from the outside environment and maintains the shape of the cell. It also prevents the cell from bursting if internal pressure rises. †¢P lasma membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of the cell. It contains integral and peripheral proteins. Substances pass through by either active or passive transport. †¢Cytoplasm: Contains many enzymes used to catalyze chemical reactions of metabolism and it also contains the DNA in a region called the nucleoid. Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm. †¢Pili: Help bacteria adhere to each other for the exchange of genetic material. Involved in transfer of DNA in a process called conjugation (direct contact between bacterial cells in which plasma DNA is transferred between a donor and a recipient cell) †¢Flagella (singular flagellum): Made of a protein called flagellin. Helps bacteria move around (mobility) †¢Ribosomes: They are the site of protein synthesis. Contributes to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA. free in cytoplasm (70s) †¢Nucleoid: Region containing DNA; involved with cell control and reproduction †¢Plasmid- small, circular DNA not connected to main chromosome; replicate independently of chromosomal DNA; not required by cell under normal conditions but it may help the cell adapt to unusual circumstances; normal to find at least one anti-biotic resistance gene within a plasmid †¢Slime capsule- sticky layer outside of cell wall, sticks cells together . 2. 3 Identify structures from 2. 2. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 2. 4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission (1). †¢Binary fission- simple division process in which DNA is copied and 2 daughter chromosomes become attached to different regions on plasma membrane and cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cell s. Process elongation of cell 2. 3 Eukaryotic Cells 2. 3. 1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell (1). . 3. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Ribosomes: Found either floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria and chloroplast. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis as they translate messenger RNA to produce proteins. †¢Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Can modify proteins to alter their function and/or destination. Synthesizes proteins to be excreted from the cell. Lysosome: catalyze the breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs, fuse with old or damaged organelles so recycling can occur, breakdown of materials that are brought in by phagocytosis †¢Golgi apparatus: Receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and may further modify them. It also packages proteins before the protein is sent to it’s final destination which may be intracellu lar or extracellular. †¢Mitochondrion: Is responsible for aerobic respiration. Converts chemical energy into ATP using oxygen. †¢Nucleus: Contains the chromosomes and therefore the hereditary material. It is responsible for controlling the cell. Extra: †¢Smooth ER- production of membrane phospholipids can cellular lipids, production of sex hormones, detoxification of drugs in liver, storage of calcium ions needed for muscle contractions, transportation of lipid based compound, to aid in liver in releasing glucose into bloodstream when needed †¢Centrosome- a pair of centrioles at right angles; involved in assembling microtubules which are important in providing structure and allowing movement and cell division †¢Vacuole- storage organelle; store potential food to provide nutrition, metabolic wastes and toxins to be expelled, and ater; enables cells to have a higher surface area to volume ratios even at larger sizes; in plants, uptake of h2o provides rigidity 2. 3. 3 Identify structures from 2. 3. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 3. 4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3). Prokaryote Eukaryote DNA in a ring form without proteinDNA with proteins a s chromosomes/chromatin DNA free in the cytoplasm- no nucleusDNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope No mitochondriamitochondria 70S ribosomes80S ribosomes No internal compartmentalization to form organellesinternal compartmentalization present to form many types of organelles Size less than 10 micrometersSize more than 10 micrometers †¢also: unicellular vs. multicellular †¢no membrane bound organelles vs. membrane bound organelles †¢binary fission vs. mitosis †¢asexual reproduction vs. asexual and sexual reproduction †¢similarities: both cells have some sort of outside boundary that always involves a plasma membrane, both carry out all functions of life, DNA is present in both . 3. 5 State 3 differences between plant and animal cells (1). Plant Animal Outer cell wall with a plasma membrane just insideOnly a plasma membrane Chloroplasts No chloroplasts Large centrally located vacuolesNo vacuoles/ or small ones Store carbs as starchStore carbs as glycogen Do not contain centrioles within a centrosome areaContain centrioles within a centrosome area Fixed, often angular, shape because of a rigid cell wallCell is fl exible and more likely to be a rounded shape . 3. 6 Outline 2 roles of extracellular components (3). †¢The plant cell wall gives the cell a lot of strength and prevents it from bursting under high pressure as it is made up of cellulose arranged in groups called microfibrils. It gives the cell its shape, prevents excessive water up take by osmosis and is the reason why the whole plant can hold itself up against gravity. Prevents entry of pathogens. Allows turgor pressure/ high pressure to develop inside the cell. The animal cell contains glycoproteins in their extracellular matrix (ECM) which are involved in the support, movement and adhesion of the cell. Cell to cell interaction, strengthens plasma membrane, allows attachment between adjacent cells, directs stem cells to differentiate 2. 4. 1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes (1). 2. 4. 2 Explain how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes (3). One area of membrane is water soluble and polar and is hydrophilic †¢The other area is n’t water soluble and is non polar- hydrophobic †¢These hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions cause phospholipids to always align as a bilayer if there is water present and there is a large number of phospholipid molecules †¢Membrane is flexible since fatty acid tail do not strongly attract one another †¢What maintains the overall structure of membrane is the tendency water has to form hydrogen bonds †¢In hydrophobic region (fatty acid tails) in animal cells these are cholesterol molecules- determine membrane fluidity (changes temp) †¢Proteins are embedded in fluid matrix of phospholipid bilayer (mosaic effect) †¢Integral proteins have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the same protein †¢Hydrophobic region (mid section of phospholipid membrane) holds protein in place †¢Hydrophilic region is exposed to water solutions on either side of membrane †¢Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the middle hydrophobic region but remain bound to the surface of the membrane 2. 4. 3 List the functions of membrane proteins (1). †¢Hormone binding sites- have specific shapes that fit shape of specific hormone †¢Enzymatic action- catalyze chemical reactions †¢Cell adhesion- proteins hook together to form connections †¢Cell to cell communication- provide identification †¢Channels for passive transport- high to low concentration †¢Pumps for active transport- proteins shuttle a substance from one side of membrane to another by changing shape; ATP 2. 4. 4 Define osmosis and diffusion (1). †¢Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration (hypo-osmotic solution to hyperosmotic solution). †¢Facilitated diffusion- involves a membrane with specific carrier proteins that are capable of combining with the substance to and its movement 2. 4. 5 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion (3). †¢Simple diffusion- substances other than water move between phospholipids molecules or through proteins which possess channels †¢Facilitated diffusion- nonchannel protein carriers change shape to allow movement of substances other than water. No NRG. Polar molecules need help. †¢Substances that move passively across membrane are influenced by size and shape †¢Small substances and nonpolar move with ease; large, polar, or both do not †¢Channel proteins- create a hydrophilic pore in membrane through which small changed particles (ions) can diffuse into cell †¢Transport proteins- help move substances (glucose) into cell. Substrate binds to protein which carries molecules across membrane and releases it inside cell 2. 4. 6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes (3). †¢Active transport involves the movement of substances through the membrane using NRG from ATP. The advantage of active transport is that substances can be moved against the gradient, meaning from low to high concentration †¢This is possible because the cell membrane has protein pumps embedded it which are used in active transport to move substances using ATP †¢Each protein pump only transports certain substances so the cell can control what comes in and goes out †¢Transport or carrier proteins †¢Ex: Na +/ K + pump. Sodium moved out of cell, potassium moved in (important for nerve cells) 2. 4. 7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane (3). †¢Materials are transmitted between rough ER, Golgi app, and plasma membrane †¢Nucleus contains chromosomes that contain genes for coding proteins. RNA passes from nucleus to cytoplasm †¢Rough ER contains ribosomes which make proteins intended for export †¢Protein goes into lumen of Golgi app for processing before it leaves through the cell surface membrane by exocytosis 2. 4. 8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and reform during endocytosis and exocytosis (2). †¢The phospholipids in the cell membrane are not solid but are in a fluid state allowing the membrane to change its shape and also vesicles to fuse with it. †¢This means substances can enter the cell via endocytosis and exit the cell via exocytosis. The membrane then returns to its original state. †¢In exocytosis the vesicles fuse with the membrane expelling their content outside the cell. The membrane then goes back to its original state. Endocytosis is a similar process which involves the pulling of the plasma membrane inward so that a vesicle is pinched off it and then this vesicle can carry its content anywhere in the cell. †¢Cell takes up substance by surrounding it with membrane, ATP †¢2 types: †¢pinocytosis (substance is liquid) †¢phagocytosis (substance is solid) †¢endocytosis and exocytosis- active transport that requires ATP; common in unicellular organisms Summary of processes: ATP requiredConcentration gradient Diffusion NoDown (high to low) Facilitated diffusionNoDown OsmosisNoDown Active transport with carrier proteinsYesAgainst is possible EndocytosisYesAgainst is possible 2. 5 Cell Division 2. 5. Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis (2). †¢The first stage of cell division is interphase which is divided into 3 phases; G1, S and G2. The cell cycle starts with G1 (Gap phase 1) during which the cell grows larger. This is followed by phase S (synthesis) during which the DNA is replicated. Finally, G2 (gap phase 2) is the second growth phase in which organelles increase in number, cell grows and preps for mitosis, DNA begins to condense form chromatin to chromosomes and microtubules begin to form. †¢? The fourth stage is mitosis, which is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During mitosis the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart, providing the same genetic material to each of these locations. This stage separates the two daughter genomes. †¢Finally, cytokinesis is the last stage during which the cytoplasm divides to create two daughter cells. In animal cells the cell is pinched in two to form a cleavage furrow while plant cells form a plate between the dividing cells. 2. 5. 2 State that tumors (cancer) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue (1). †¢Proto-oncogenes are genes that produce proteins, which stimulate growth (cell division). If mutation occurs, a tumor will form. Mutations: radiation, viruses, chemicals that are carcinogenic, EM radiation 2. 5. 3 States that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and an increase in the # of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts (1). 2. 5. 4 Describe the events that occur in the 4 phases of mitosis (2). †¢During prophase, chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, the spindle microtubules begin to form, centrosomes move toward opposite poles of cell due to lengthening microtubules. Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere. During metaphase, the chromatids move to the equator and the spindle microtubules from each pole attach to each centromere on opposite sides. †¢During anaphase, the spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart splitting the centromeres. This splits the sister chromatids into chromosomes. Each identical chromosome is pulled to opposite poles. Chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and bec ome unduplicated chromosome †¢During telophase, the spindle microtubules break down and the chromosomes uncoil and so are no longer individually visible. Also the nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosomes become chromatin (shapeless). Centrioles replicate in animal cells. The cell then divides by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells with identical genetic nuclei. 2. 5. Explain how mitosis produces 2 identical nuclei (3). †¢During prophase, the chromosomes become visible. The nuclear envelope disintegrates and the spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator. †¢At metaphase the chromatids move to the equator. The sister chromatids are two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication and are therefore identical. †¢These sister chromatids are then separated in anaphase as the spindle microtubules attaches to centromere and pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles. As the sister chromatids separate they are called chromosomes. This means that each pole has the same chromosomes (same genetic material). Finally the microtubules break down, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear membrane reforms. The cell then divides into two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei. †¢4 chromosomes in parent cell = 4 chromosomes in each daughter cell †¢duplicated chromosome with 2 strands connected by centromere and chromosome is 1 strand 2. 5. 6 State that growth, embryonic development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction involve mitosis (1). †¢Growth- production of similar cells †¢Embryonic development- allows zygote to grow into multicellular organism †¢Tissue repair- wounds need identical replacement cells †¢Asexual reproduction- allows for a rapid and sig nificant increase in number of individuals How to cite An Outline of the Cell Theory, Papers

Hearts R Us Preferred Stock Classification Solution Essay Example For Students

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Management Communication free essay sample

EncounterCase B: Unifone Communicationspart 3: TechniqueChapter 16: Effective Writingstyle manual to be cross-referenced throughout the courseChapter 17: Effective SpeakingStyle manual on speaking, use of graphics, and group presentation to be cross referenced throughout the courseAppendix Case 16: Dotsworth PressCase 17: Fair is Fair, Isnt Identifying external communication needs according to your different audiences and in different contexts. For instance, a project may involve the participation and coordination of various other organizations that need a permanent ommunication system to work together in organizing events or developing and sharing documents related to the events. Another project may involve posting a survey on the Web site that needs to be simple and straightforward to entice the audience to respond immediately and seek future results. Engaging the board of directors in a more active role in the strategic planning of the organization may also require a special communication set-up that would facilitate sharing documents, receiving feedback and having virtual meetings to finalize decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ђ Identifying the tools that would effectively engage external audiences in a two or multi-way communication practice with the organization, as related to a specific project or to an organizational objective. For the first case mentioned above, setting an electronic discussion group for a specific project and setting up a private site to share documents would facilitate the communication and coordination among all the actors involved in it. For the third case, you may want to setup a private site where the oard of directors can look at financial statements and strategic plans, send their comments on specific issues to the rest of the board, and coordinate a virtual meeting to discuss critical issues and finalize decisions and recommendations regarding the organization. Ђ Building awareness of external audiences in engaging in a two or multi-way communication system that will improve the execution of specific projects or achieve specific goals related to the organization. Management Communication: Principles and Practice By marianassa

Free Essays on Animal Farm Character Analysis

In Animal Farm there is an instersting cast of characters. Each character or group of characters has a political representation. However, Orwell is more concerned with political psychology than with individual characters. As Jenni Calder states: â€Å"The allegory is very precise in its use of the major figures and incidents of the Russian Revolution. It expresses quite nakedly and with a complete lack of intellectual argument those aspects of Stalinism that most disturbed Orwell. At the same time the humbleness and warmth of the narrative give an attractive obliqueness without turning the direction of the satire. We can feel compassion for Orwell's creatures in a way that we cannot for Winston Smith, for the stark narrative of 1984 stuns our capacity for reaction. But Animal Farm is equally relentless in its message.† -Jenni Calder, Chronicles of Conscience, 1968 Remember, this is a fable, not a novel. The animals are meant to represent certain types of human beings and ideas, not complex individuals. Some of them are even group characters, without any individual name: "the sheep," "Napoleon's dogs," "the hens." The "main character" of Animal Farm is actually all of the animals taken together as a group. It's what happens to the group as a whole- whether their Rebellion succeeds or fails, and why- that really matters. Still, it is important to notice the distinctions between certain types and individuals. To start with, we have the pigs. The pigs lead the Rebellion from the start and progressively take on the same power and characteristics as the human masters they helped overthrow. They represent corrupted human leaders, in particular, the Bolsheviks, who led the overthrow of the capitalist Russian government, only to become new masters in their turn. Old Major, makes a stirring speech to the animals to help set the Rebellion in motion- t... Free Essays on Animal Farm Character Analysis Free Essays on Animal Farm Character Analysis In Animal Farm there is an instersting cast of characters. Each character or group of characters has a political representation. However, Orwell is more concerned with political psychology than with individual characters. As Jenni Calder states: â€Å"The allegory is very precise in its use of the major figures and incidents of the Russian Revolution. It expresses quite nakedly and with a complete lack of intellectual argument those aspects of Stalinism that most disturbed Orwell. At the same time the humbleness and warmth of the narrative give an attractive obliqueness without turning the direction of the satire. We can feel compassion for Orwell's creatures in a way that we cannot for Winston Smith, for the stark narrative of 1984 stuns our capacity for reaction. But Animal Farm is equally relentless in its message.† -Jenni Calder, Chronicles of Conscience, 1968 Remember, this is a fable, not a novel. The animals are meant to represent certain types of human beings and ideas, not complex individuals. Some of them are even group characters, without any individual name: "the sheep," "Napoleon's dogs," "the hens." The "main character" of Animal Farm is actually all of the animals taken together as a group. It's what happens to the group as a whole- whether their Rebellion succeeds or fails, and why- that really matters. Still, it is important to notice the distinctions between certain types and individuals. To start with, we have the pigs. The pigs lead the Rebellion from the start and progressively take on the same power and characteristics as the human masters they helped overthrow. They represent corrupted human leaders, in particular, the Bolsheviks, who led the overthrow of the capitalist Russian government, only to become new masters in their turn. Old Major, makes a stirring speech to the animals to help set the Rebellion in motion- t...

Career Planning for Hospitality Students

During the global economic downturn it was predicted that India and China would not be affected as much and hospitality industry in particular would undergo minor changes. Besides this Khanna, 2008 outlined that lack of infrastructure in India would not be sufficient enough to sustain growth of hospitality industry. However the argument can be ruled out as a number of private organization both national and international are investing into Indian hospitality sector. This can be said as Carlson group of hotels are planning to open 50 new properties by the end of year 2012 across India. Many More hotel groups like Fairmont etc are entering fresh in India. It was predicted that the growth in Indian tourism would be around 8. 8% till 2013 which is closely related to hotel industry. The jobs in hospitality were also available during the period of time and are still growing. Moreover the number of hospitality graduates is still very low as compared to the demand of the industry. Hence hospitality as a career is still considered as a fair option in order to grow and make life out of it. Graduate labor market As outlined by Harvey (2001, cited by Nabi, 2000) graduates should posses certain attributes and skills in order to help them find a job and have sustainable growth in it. This would further help them build a career in the industry. However Graduate employability for the industry is still addressed by a question mark. Freed, 2010 states that hotel industry requires flexible graduates, moreover students who are willing to work with variable odd shifts with an initial entry level low salary. Though the availability of jobs is high but still the question arises that weather a hotel management should stay with the industry itself or invade other possible dimensions as well. Besides hotel industry many multinational companies offer fixed working hours and five days a week unlike hotels. Moreover hotels have long working hours as well. On top of all this Maslow (1943, cited in Green 2000) states that a person opts for a job that satisfies his/or basic or physiological needs. The wide options available in other sectors without even specializing and the existence of the concept of equal opportunity make them a more attractive option. To add upon a hotel job is India is considered as a blue color job. A fresh hotel graduate in India or anywhere else is required to have a specialization in his/her area of interest. They are also required to have a considerable work experience with internships etc by the time they graduate as well. Hotel industry also requires high grooming standards and punctuality as well which not much of a requirement. Fresh hospitality graduates are offered three options for employment in the hotel industry. †¢ Operational trainee programs in different areas like housekeeping, kitchen and service †¢ Management trainee programs which are further extended to finance, sales and marketing etc. †¢ Entry level employment as Associate, commis or executive. †¢ Certain hotel organization also offers a corporate trainee program. Management trainee programs are offered usually to fewer students comparatively. These are the students with untreated talent which can nurture in order to produce future managers. It further involves students into finances of an operation as well. On the other hand an operational trainee program is offered to the students who are not yet ready for the management positions. Further it prepares them of core operational competencies. Moreover cooperate trainee program is the highest which is offered to students with rare competencies. An organization believes them to be the future leaders of the organization. The hotel industry in India requires a number future leaders and operational employees. Human resource plays a vital role in management of these services (Jauhari, 2006). It is important from a student perspective who is seeking employment to know what is exactly expected from them by the employers. Harrera (2003) outlines 99 competencies which are required for manager’s ethical behavior. Moreover Harvey (1997, cited in Jenner, 2000) outlines 20 core competencies which are required by employers. Jauhari (2006) states that hospitality organizations seek talented graduates to recruit for their trainee programs. These programs can be considered as investments from the employer’s point of view for their employees. Nabi, 2003 outlines that hotel organizations are looking for fresh employees with not only intellectual skills but also people management skills as well. Initially to begin with one can always be confused to join the industry because of a number of factors though the odds and positives seem have a balance. Questions like how are global travel trends going to be in the future? Weather an economic meltdown affects the hotel industry or not? Certain questions were addressed during our internship which was not being arranged internationally due to the global economic downturn. Other questions like aiming for a management trainee program or a regular job was also in my mind. Moreover Drucker, 199 states that one must review and introspect their goals as per the change in situations and circumstances. This is supposed to happen as personal life and work life goes through a lot of changes as well. As per Aggarwal, 2006 the decrease of workers in industrial and manual jobs will increase the opportunities to abstract from of thought. This includes people with analytical and problem solving skills, moreover possessing the capacity for innovation. The literate population of India has gone up by 6. percent since 2001. As per the NHDC report the travel and tourism industry in India is accounted with a 6% growth in GDP and 30. 5 million jobs. In terms of travel India stands 9th in the index of relative cost of access which is ticket taxes and airport charge to international air transport services. Tourism is said to be the one of the largest net earners of foreign e xchange for the country which was contributing at 11. 747 million in 2008 with a 9. 5% growth year after year. Besides this the demand in terms of skill labor is very high in the hospitality sector with a shortage of manpower. The table underneath shows the cities and the projected demand in terms of manpower by the year 2013/14. Ministry of tourism has 21 hotel management and catering institutes which are responsible to meet the growth in the industry. Career options There have been a number of campus placement interviews and other options available as well. I have participated is a very few as I look for a position in Sales and marketing with a little scope of compromise. These have been Carlson and J. W. Marriot both for sales and marketing. Most of the hotel organizations don’t seem to offer a position for sales and marketing. Major options available are housekeeping, kitchen, Food and beverage service and front office as these are the areas which require more manpower than compared to sales division. Other areas that I am still looking at are procurement which has the same problem as sales. During my internships in various departments I have realized that I have less inclination for other operational options available. As I look forward to choose an organization and stick to it for a long period of time I cannot use any other job as a stepping stone for my area of interest. Competencies required for the Position: We are made aware of the organizations that come in for interview or we go visit at. These presentations talk about the skills and competencies that are required for the job position they offer. They outline flexibility in terms of shifts, working elsewhere rather than your hometown, culture etc. as I mentioned earlier organizations offering sales were less but during my vocational job I found out certain competencies required for a sales executive. Later during an interaction with Parivah Rustogi, director sales for J. W. Marriot I found out they are looking for outgoing personalities who are not exactly too study oriented. Taj Groups of Hotels Taj group of hotel is one of the largest hotel chains in India which is run by Indian hotel company ltd (IHCL). Taj hotels resorts and palaces were awarded the â€Å"Gallup Great Workplace 2010’ title complimenting the work environment they have created for their employees. This further included a lot many parameters like retention, training etc. (tajhotels. com) Employee engagement There are a number of factors which are responsible for employee engagement. Taj group of hotels conduct departmental briefings. They are further categorizing into mornings and evening. They discuss agenda of the day, current status and other things related to the employees. This helps boost the moral and motivate them for better work. The organization conducts a lot of analysis for employee engagement. These are factors responsible for their absenteeism etc. further there are exit interviews, retention issues, feedback analysis etc to keep a check upon the factors affecting motivation of their employees. Moreover there are a lot loyalty and reward programs which are known as STARS. These are responsible for staff motivation and improving performance. Here the employee is not rewarded through cash but points which are gained through positive acts at work. These points can be redeemed as other benefits later. Further they also concentrate upon training and development which helps an individual to build upon his skills and progress in his career. CV Analysis In order to write an appropriate CV one need to know herself/himself. The word itself Curriculum Vitae refers to â€Å"the course of life† (Jenner, 200). It helps an employer know about the professional life, performance and objective of a particular employee. It’s not just about our self but also how we fit into the organization in contrast to its policies and procedures and our strength and weaknesses. After undergoing through †¢ The cover letter was missing from my CV. A cover letter is very important in order to demonstrate past experiences. Moreover makes it convenient for the employer to retrieve information about the objective, work experience etc at a glance. †¢ Most of the information listed in terms of the contact details and certifications so far weren’t quite relevant for the employer. There was less information provided in regards to the job position that I wish to seek. There weren’t any certificates or much appreciation letters which could demonstrate my communication skills, being innovative, problem solving etc. moreover there wasn’t anything listing my achievement so far. †¢ It only mentioned the places where in I did my internships. There was no mentioning of the area I have tra ined in and how does it makes a difference with other students. So we can say that there wasn’t any kind of supporting information or document that would have interest my employer for the job position I wish to seek. Competencies Demonstrated and Implementations of Them in Job Selection Processes It is very important to know one being a fresh graduate while preparing for interviews and selection processes. In order to achieve this I undertook certain tests to find out what exactly my career goals are and the skills which are required survive in the work environment today. There was assessment center simulation which would help us rate our self on parameters upon which the employers would hire us. I did the Jung Typology test (appendix 2) which helped me figure out that I am an extrovert person. An extrovert is the one with an outgoing personality. I have also mentioned before this has helped me in my job ventures in sales and have gradually helped me develop my interest in sales division. This makes it easy for me to communicate with people and help me find leads. This further helps me identify customer problems and solve them. It also states that my feelings are moderate and less sensitive to others at times. I don’t spend much time judging how people are though I am an emotional person. Further I took a communication test to find out about my communication skills as they play a vital role (appendix 4). This also involves listening skills which requires proper understanding of what one’s saying. I found out that I can fairly interpret what other people are trying to communicate in terms of words and body language. I can empathize with other person feelings for a better understanding. I can perhaps alter my behavior accordingly to the other person comfort level of his/her understanding. The johari window (Jenner, 2000) helped me find out what others feel about me and how much does it intersect with my opinion (Appendix 10). This helped me find a blind spot. There has been a gap between my perception about myself and what others perceive of me. My peer felt that I am an outgoing person as well, one who would socialize with people and make new friends. They perceived me a little over confident with my work most of the times which has also been the feedback by my professors as well. Though I am a sociologist but yet I keep my secrets from the world keeping a wide margin in my personal space. Though I know much about myself in terms of my skills but yet there is a lot which can be discovered by new experiences. I try and take up new challenges to find out what I really like and what I would really want to take up as a career. This includes my part time job as a commis and sales at times besides my internship. This further helps me identify my strength and weaknesses. Moreover my interactions with my mentor further help me plan how my career path should be considering the test that I took for my ideal job (appendix 6). Moreover I took the Myers test to find to more insights about me (appendix 3). My interest lies in what is unknown, I think a little before my actions. I consider theories and how they relate in practical life.

Protien refording Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protien refording - Essay Example During initial production and isolation of proteins, many factors such as overproduction, solvent interactions, mechanical interference, or others may result in the denaturation of proteins. Understanding protein folding involves understanding both the energy landscape of the protein system, and refolding techniques have been significantly improve as time-resolved techniques, including neutron scattering, have been developed and perfected by researchers around the globe. The techniques involve observation of protein dynamics in order to assess the critical point of refolding, information which can lead to the development of refolding solutions (Bu et al. 2001). Neutron scattering and similar inventive techniques, such as stopped-flow florescence. In order to scale up for commercial use, protein refolding techniques must be scale invariant, compatible for a large range of proteins, simple to automated, and overall economical. Methods that rely on denaturant dilution and column-based methodology generally will meet these criteria (Middelberg 2002). The technology of refolding has grown exponentially in the past decade, and new methods must be carefully designed to facilitate the automated and rapid determination of the conditions that must be met for refolding in order to be commercially viable. It, however, remains to be seen if researchers can translate new technologies—and possibly even the discovery of a new protein state—into technology that will improve efficiency in bimolecular research industries. Before use, proteins are generally solubilised before use in high concentrations of quanidinium chloride (GdmCl) and urea (De Bernardez 1998 and Schwarz et al. 1998). Either of these two solvents may cause certain proteins to denature, and refolding involves diluting to a low concentration zone.

Book Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Book Report - Assignment Example McCarthy observed how some of the state’s top and influential people and their children had shamelessly betrayed America. He contends how â€Å"young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been worst†¦.† Therefore, according to McCarthy, the state government â€Å"is thoroughly infested with communists† (238). This was like allowing the adversary to invade the state via â€Å"dealing with a far more sinister type of activity because it permitted the enemy to guide and shape our policy† (p. 238). This has led to inequality, especially among those participating in legal processes, which is evident in the McCarthy’s argument where initially he claims to have a list of 205 traitors in the government; during his speech, however, the number turns to be 57 people. Besides, power concentration has acted as a freedom barrier where few people, despite their sobriety, manipulate it, which limits the liberty of the population. For instance, this is evident in the President Kennedy’s statement: â€Å"ask not what the country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country† (256). This implies that â€Å"Neither half of the statement expresses a relation between the citizen and his government that is worthy of the ideals of the free men in a free society† (256). This affirms how the people are the state’s servants while the beneficiaries constitute few persons who are influential and capable of manipulating power to suit their interests. Free people normally utilize the government as a tool where individuals, despite their status, normally unite as compatriots for the benefit of all, which is safeguarding their freedom. Therefore, a free man usually inquires â€Å"what can I and my compatriots do through gov ernment to help us discharge our individual responsibilities, to achieve our several goals and purposes, and above all, to protect our freedom?†

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay Example for Free

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay The worlds nation today adopted a package dubbed the cancun Agreements buildings blocks for a future legal treaty to address climate change amid concerns that commitments to avert acceptable level of global warming remain missing. Negotiators from 194 countries agreed on a set of decision that the un climate secretariat said would set all governments â€Å"more firmly on the path towards the low emissions future† and provide support to developing countries on their action on climate change. India played a key role at the climate change summit , proposing a new mechanism to allow international scrutiny of all countries’ including India’ s action to crub emission of greenhouse gases. The invironment minister Jairam Ramesh also signalled that India would eventually consider legally –binding crubs on emission, a shift from its long standing position. Some environmental grouos have criticised these moves by India. But climate change analysts have said India’s proposal for serutiny of the climate climate change exchange actions reflect an acceptance of the principal of transparency. ‘’ And (Rmesh’s) assertions on legaklly binding actions is an indicator that India is willing to shift from the position of doing nothing to joining the global community in fiting climate change ,†an analyst in Cancun said. ‘’This does not mean India will accept legally – bending cuts next year,’’ he said . The Cancun documents of ficially recognise emissions curbs targets set by industrialised and developing countries and once every year by the developing countries. But the target of cutting global emissions by 50 % by the year 2050- part of the draft circulated yesterday – has been replaced by text calling for ‘’ subsantial’’ reductions in blobal emissions by 2050 . The Cancun decision pledge US$30 billion in fast start finance from the industrialised countries to support climate action in developing countries. The goal is to raise this to US$ 100 billion by 2020. Thew agreements also  recognise the need of countries to work towards the keeping the rise in the aversge global temperature below 2 degree c. ‘’ Cancun has done its job ,’’ said chistiana Figueres, head of the UN climate change secretariat after the agreement was adopted today. ‘’ lt is not what is required but it is the essential foundation on which to build greater collective ambition Figueres said. But several environmental group including Indias centre for science and Environment have pointed out thst the emission reduction pledge made by all countries so far are way below the whst is required to keep the rise in the average temperature.

Skyscrapers Essay -- essays research papers

skyscraper architecture "http://www.coshe.com/search/" The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. Benny Louie Humanity 450 Dr. Maureen Schmid 17 May 1999 The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. In our modern society, the architectural design of skyscrapers is changing the downtown landscape of metropolitan areas. Due to the change of technologies, it has changed the architectural design of skyscraper dramatically in terms of the its function, design structures, heating and cooling systems and it social status in society. The basic function of the architecture is to provide a roof over peoples’ head. The main purpose of architecture is to act as a shelter for people to protect themselves against Mother Nature. As civilization development advances, we increased our knowledge and became more creative. Peo ple start to design buildings for means of displaying wealth and social status. The skyscraper fits the criteria to show the social status of such building with great height and elegance to the society. According to O’Gorman, â€Å"architecture is a form language, of communication.† (P.89) This communication is represented in the forms of texture, shape and style that reflects certain period of time. In the early period, architectures were associated with style and culture. â€Å"The Greeks built marble temples with Doric, Ionic or Corinthian columns. Egyptian architecture used heavy lotus columns, massive battered walls and pyramidal forms. The Gothic style used point arch, vast areas of stained glasses, pointed rib-vault construction.† (P. 92) Each had its unique characteristic feature to express its message. In the 20th century architectural design, architecture is no longer viewed as simple shelter to provide a roof over peoples’ head. Architectures a re designed with a more environmental conscious issue like cost, energy conservation and practicality of the structure. The interior environment is designed according to the space function of the structures. For example, â€Å"a dance hall, needs a large open-space with sufficient room for the band and a bar and maybe for tables and chairs around the edge so that people can sit and chat.† (Conway & Rowan) This concept always applies to real life s... ...e is a sense of prestige for having offices or shops in these skyscrapers. Modern skyscrapers are being redefined by the use of advance technologies. Due to the advancement in technology, skyscrapers are able to reach new height easily. It changes the way architects design the structure of these buildings. The new function of the skyscraper is to provide great views, house antennas for communications, telebroadcasting and for entertainment purpose. The use of computer climate control system made the building a more comfortable environment for everyone. The great height of the skyscraper like the Sears Tower, it associates itself with the prestige of being the tallest of all. With the rapid advancement of technology and the influence of fame and wealth, sky is limit for the next generation of skyscrapers. Work cited Bennett, David. Skyscrapers Form & Function New York 1995 Conway, Hazel and Rowan, Roenisch. Understanding Architecture: An introduction to Architecture and archit ectural History. London and New York: Routledge 1994. O’Gorman, James. ABC of Architecture Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998 Online www.infoplease.com May 15, 1999 Word Count: 1429

A commentary on a passage from Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s Frankenstein

The passage from Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's â€Å"Frankenstein† is a warning to society that we cannot let science get too far out of hand; that knowledge entails social responsibilities. She writes in the style of the 19th Century Romantic Movement, portrayed though her long sentence structures punctuated with commas, colons and semi-colons. The syntax is often inverted from that of modern writing; word use is also different from that of modern writing. The passage is written in first person narration, which means that the reader rarely sees anything outside of the narrator, that is from Frankenstein's perspective. Hence the tone of the writing is mostly reflective and self-critical, but is frequently changing throughout the passage. The passage is very â€Å"Gothic† and explores indecisiveness, horror and pity. The passage commences â€Å"I sat one evening in my laboratory† which conveys a feeling that there is nothing unusual in his sitting there. The word â€Å"evening† is the height of the line, thus stressing the time of day. The â€Å"evening† is often associated with dying and mystery, and so a sense of murky mystery is immediately created in the passage with the â€Å"the sun had set, and the moon was just rising from the sea† which depicts a clear picture of the atmosphere. It illustrates a time of transition, and is a metaphor reflecting the indecisiveness of the scientist, Victor Frankenstein. It is also a reference to nature, which is, along with the long sentence structures of the passage, typical of the 19th Century Romantics. Shelley often uses this long structure to make our voice rise and fall on certain words, so we accent some of them. It makes us concentrate and pause on certain words of importance. The words â€Å"idle† and â€Å"pause†, which are still a continuation of the long first sentence, slow down the sentence reflecting the actual notion of being in thoughtful pause. Next, the sentence continues on to stress the word â€Å"labour†, which explains to the reader what the scientist was thinking about. His contemplation is described with a metaphor present in the beginning of the next sentence, â€Å"a train of refection†. He is, in particular considering â€Å"the effects of what I was now doing†, which implies that his present work could have major effects, and he perhaps has not yet considered them fully. â€Å"now doing† is an example of inversion, as we are accustomed to write ‘doing now' in modern English. This again shows a characteristic of writing in the 19th Century Romantic genre. The tone of the passage is soon turned from reflection to one of regret. The phrase â€Å"bitterest remorse† is used to describe the absolute regret that scientist felt for the action which he had been â€Å"engaged in† three years ago. From his thoughts it becomes apparent to the reader that he had â€Å"created a fiend† three years before and that he is currently creating another. From this we can see that Frankenstein is bitter at both the monster, potentially wanting revenge, and also at himself for creating that monster. The uses of the word â€Å"fiend† shows that Frankenstein believes that the monster is an evil, devilish creature. It is here that we feel that Frankenstein has perhaps gone too far with science, misusing the power of knowledge for self-indulgences, and now reaps the product of this self-indulgence. It portrays how unpredictable and potentially disastrous playing with nature and creation can be. This was a conventional belief of the 19th Century Romantic movement. The narrator then goes on to describe the â€Å"fiend† as having â€Å"unparalleled barbarity†, an example of hyperbole, which implies that the monster he has created is so hideous that he is even odd in his barbarity. However, it can be felt that Frankenstein does not directly blame the monster for his devilish character, but rather its â€Å"unparalleled barbarity†. This implies that the monster became barbaric and evil through circumstances, such as not belonging or being able to relate to anything or anyone, rather than through his basic nature. Frankenstein's uncertainties are further expressed when he illustrates that he is â€Å"ignorant† of his female creation's potential disposition. He hypothesizes that â€Å"she might become ten thousand times more malignant than her mate†, displaying how evil the creature could be. Shelley makes us pause on the word â€Å"delight† to further describe the possible evil of the creature, as she continues in the sentence to describe that the â€Å"delight† is in â€Å"murder and wretchedness†. This is the first time in this extract that the gender of the new monster becomes apparent. Also, while it is implied that the original monster, was involved in â€Å"murder and wretchedness†, it took no delight in it nor did it for its own sake. As well, to get his point across, Frankenstein again uses hyperbole in order to create an impression of his fear and uncertainty as â€Å"ten thousand times more malignant† implies that any atrocity could occur. â€Å"He had sworn to quit the neighbourhood of man, and hide himself in deserts†. In this line the reader realises that the monster has asked Frankenstein to create a female mate for him, because of his loneliness and desperation; and for this we have pity for the monster. Frankenstein suggests that the female monster might refuse to leave human civilisation, further expressing his doubts in persevering with his â€Å"labour†. Frankenstein's thoughts reflect the fact that this female creation â€Å"in all probability was to become a thinking and reasoning animal†, but at the same time lower her to the status of a savage â€Å"animal†, and so, once again, demonstrating his loathing of the original monster. â€Å"the creature who already lived loathed his own deformity, and might he not conceive a greater abhorrence for it when it came before his eyes in the female form?† – is Frankenstein's consideration for the fact that the two monsters might have a loathing for each other. This view is probably originating from 19th century social belief that the female's main function was to look attractive and be obedient. â€Å"She also might turn with disgust from him to the superior beauty of man† is written in, what is to us an arrogant tone, as we feel that Frankenstein is much too biased towards â€Å"man†, although voicing the general convention of the time that humans were the peak of creation. Thus, we feel even more pity for the monster. In a way, this is once again Shelley's way of reflecting society's view of women in her time. Women, like the monster created, were lonely, helpless and had no power. The monster has no choice for a mate other than another of his kind, a kind whose appearance he finds horrible. He is helpless. Frankenstein also suggests that â€Å"she might quit him, and he be again alone, exasperated by the fresh provocation of being deserted by one of his own species.† This suggests that the monster is destined to be alone, deserted by even his own kind, simply because of his appearance. The second paragraph of the passage mentions the â€Å"deserts of the new world†, which returns us to the theme of the Romantic writer's exploration of nature, with the idea of â€Å"new world†. Even so, the tone of the paragraph soon changes to one of fear. There is a shift from the sympathy of the previous paragraph, and Frankenstein's fear becomes apparent. He soon talks about how one of the first â€Å"sympathies for which the daemon thirsted would be children†. The description of the monster as a â€Å"daemon†, once again depicts Frankenstein's view of the monster as being purely malicious. He fears that a whole â€Å"race of devils would be propagated upon the earth†. Frankenstein fears that this â€Å"race of devils† would make the human race â€Å"full of terror† or, at worst, destroy the human race. Then, changing into a tone of nobility, and even a hint of egoism, he asks himself – â€Å"Had I a right, for my own benefit, to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations?† From this he implies that the world depended on his action, and that he should not be selfish for his own safety, which is a change from his previously self-centred thoughts. He refers to the monster as a curse, an indication of its perceived position, and perhaps also the theological implications of the monster's presence. However, Frankenstein does not mention the best possibility of his situation – that the monster would just quietly go, and remain out of the reach of human civilisation. The description, nevertheless portrays Frankenstein's view of the monster as being malevolent, as well as his discontented belief that the monster would show any sympathy to the human race. Frankenstein realises how craftily the monster had lured him into making the female monster, with the â€Å"sophisms† put forth. Despite all of the disastrous results of Frankenstein's creation of the original monster, and Frankenstein's fear and horror, the monster managed to persuade Frankenstein through a combination of sophisms and â€Å"fiendish threats† to create him a female mate. Again Frankenstein realises the potential importance of his actions, and the fact he could become famous for his self-centred actions. Here the cunning of the monster becomes apparent to the reader, but a sense of pity is still felt for the monster, who could relate to no one. The next paragraph is commenced with an ambiguous statement, â€Å"I trembled, and my heart failed within me†. We are left with a sense of uncertainty as to the source of all this terror – was it the fear of creating the monster he was working on, or the fear of the monster that already lived? This is answered later on in the fifth paragraph of the passage where we find that it is the thought of resuming his â€Å"labours† that is the cause. On â€Å"looking up†, Frankenstein sees the monster at the window. The tone of the passage at this point changes to one of fearfulness and absolute terror, reflecting how weak Frankenstein is compared to his creation. This fear is reflected through the description of how â€Å"a ghastly grin wrinkled his lips†. The word â€Å"ghastly† reflects the fact that the monster is not ‘human', rather a mythological savage. The monster is described as having ‘allotted' the task of creating the female monster to Frankenstein. The use of the word ‘allotted' implies that the monster has gained power over Frankenstein, through terror and cunning. Frankenstein's fear is further conveyed when we find that the monster is, through his desperation, ‘stalking' Frankenstein, to ensure that he attains his female companion. Frankenstein then tells us that the monster had an expression of â€Å"the utmost extent of malice and treachery.† At this point of the paragraph, Frankenstein kills all sympathy that we had previously felt for the monster, portraying him in the dimmest, most horrific light. Hyperbole is also being used, to exaggerate this effect. This treacherous look leads Frankenstein, to come to his senses and destroy the monster in a fit of rage. He describes himself as â€Å"trembling with passion†. He is so overcome with rage and fear that he trembles. His enraged strength is enough to tear the monster to pieces, again demonstrating the intensity of his anger, fear and horror. The destruction of this female creation was the destruction of all chances of happiness that the existing monster could grasp. The monster is now referred to as â€Å"The wretch†, making him seem helpless. Calling him this also projects the fact that all happiness has been destroyed. This is a contrast to his previous descriptions as a â€Å"daemon†, an image of strength. The monster again becomes subject to the sympathy of the reader. The monster is described as giving a â€Å"howl of devilish despair†. By howling, he is reduced to being almost an animal. The fact that he is howling with revenge implies that he has not yet been defeated, and Frankenstein has perhaps secured his own downfall. As well, the device of alliteration is evident here: the two ‘d's in â€Å"devilish despair† emphasising the plight of the monster. The fifth paragraph switches back into a tone of reflection. He speaks of never resuming his labours again, making a â€Å"solemn vow†. From this we see the absolute remorse Frankenstein feels in his heart for creating the first monster, as well as his sense of absolute helplessness. The next paragraph is a contrast to the rest of the passage. It is written in a lighter, Romantic tone, presenting a sense of calmness and tranquillity. It is a description of nature, another trait of the 19th Century Romantics when he describes a ‘few fishing vessels alone speckled the water†, portraying how nature can overcome man. A sense of mystery is created as the paddling of oars and a person landing their boat near Frankenstein's house interrupts this calm. The arrival of the boat is shortly followed by the slow opening of a door, the creaking of the door suggests the slowness, which creates a sense of imminent peril. We are left with a sense of mystery, as even though we predict that it is the monster, we do not know who is at the door.

English literature controlled assessment Essay

Many plays and poems are concerned with the relationship between parents and their children. Choose a situation where this issue is considered in a Shakespeare play and link it with poetry where there is a similar situation. Refer closely to the texts in your answer to support your views. Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare’s most iconic plays. The sad tale of the two star-crossed lovers was written in Elizabethan times and because of this features families a lot different from that of today. Elizabethan families ran very differently from that that goes on in our own home sweet homes. Elizabethan children were considered their parents property and must obey whatever their parents said; this was usually the father as women in the past would also have to follow the strict rules of their husbands. As well as that, children, in rich families, were often forced to marry whom they were instructed to; primarily for money. The ideas of family feature heavily in Romeo and Juliet and in this assessment I will explore said ideas in depth. In Act One, Scene Two Lord Capulet, Juliet’s father, is consulting Paris after he asked for Juliet’s hand in marriage. Capulet believes that his daughter is too young to marry. Capulet says ‘An she agree, within her scope of choice lies my consent and fair according voice’ he is saying that Paris has his approval but it is up to Juliet to make the final decision. The way Capulet handles the situation with Paris shows the love and kindness he feels for his daughter. Capulet allows Juliet to decide if she wants to marry this man. This wouldn’t have happened very often in Elizabethan times as the richer families often married for wealth not love and here Capulet is asking, not telling, Juliet to marry this wealthy man. He doesn’t treat her as a piece of furniture and wants her to be happy with the person she marries, ‘She is the hopeful lady of my earth’ Capulet has lost his previous children and only wants the best for his only daughter. Then, in Act Three, Scene Four, Capulet arranges Juliet’s and Paris’ wedding saying ‘she shall be married to this noble earl’. Capulet arranges this marriage without his daughters consent because he believes it will help to bring his daughter out of her depressive state, which he thinks is caused by the death of her cousin Tybalt but in reality it’s because of Romeo being exiled from Verona. The sentence Capulet says shows how kind he is to his daughter; Capulet could have chosen the wealthiest man he could get his hands on, however he chooses a ‘noble’ suitor for his daughter to marry. This once again shows that Capulet doesn’t want to use his daughter for money and actually wants his daughter to be happy with the one she marries. So far Capulet has been presented as the figure head of the perfect father, given the Elizabethan era, however there is a moment when his attitude towards his daughter changes. In Act Three, Scene Five Capulet has just been informed by his wife that Juliet has refused to marry Paris. Capulet then responds with ‘Is she not proud? Doth she not count her blest?’ Capulet then goes on to tell her that he will throw her out and never look upon her again. Now, Capulet’s exclamation could be seen by many to be harsh and unfair, however, given the era the play was written children did as their parents instructed and never had anything else to say on the matter. Capulet asks several questions one after another not waiting for an answer, this suggests that he is panicking and has no idea how he is meant to handle this; this could very well likely be the first time his daughter has defied him. So, given the plays era, Capulet’s outrage is completely understandable, he is shocked, panicked and appalled at Juliet’s behaviour as children never defied their parents, particularly their fathers. Now I shall move onto the topic of Juliet’s mother, Lady Capulet. In Act One, Scene Three Lady Capulet opens the scene with ‘Nurse where’s my daughter? Call her forth to me’. The way Lady Capulet refers to Juliet as her daughter in this way almost sounds as if she is calling Juliet some sort of object; it’s almost like Lady Capulet is asking the Nurse to bring her a pair of shoes she misplaced. She doesn’t speak as if she loves her daughter at all, if she did she might have said something like â€Å"Nurse where is Juliet? Could you ask her to come to me?† The fact that she doesn’t speak to her in this way highlights further how the relationships between parent and child worked in Shakespearian times; parents did treat their children as objects. The third scene in Act One focuses heavily on Juliet’s relationship with both her mother and the Nurse. In this scene Lady Capulet refers to Juliet as ‘daughter’ and Juliet to her as ‘madam’. This does show how Elizabethan children had to talk to their parents but the strict formality of how they talk to one another suggests that there is no mother-daughter relationship. They don’t refer to each other as â€Å"mother† or â€Å"Juliet†. However, as I said before, this could be down to how children had to speak and act toward their parents in Shakespearian times, however I believe it comes down to the lack of relationship between the two and my next point elaborates this further. When Juliet arrives Lady Capulet instructs the Nurse to leave them alone allowing them to talk in privacy. Lady Capulet then suddenly asks for the Nurse to come back saying ‘I have remembered me. Thou’s hear our counsel’. When Lady Capulet is faced alone with her daughter she becomes apparent to the fact that she has no idea how to talk to her daughter and needs the Nurse to help her communicate with Juliet. The fact that Lady Capulet needed the Nurse to help her talk to her daughter this time suggests that this is something that could have occurred in the past meaning that Lady Capulet has never had a conversation with Juliet without an audience to help her, which is in no way a healthy relationship between mother and daughter. The reason Juliet finds it easier to talk to her Nurse is because she was the one that breastfed and raised Juliet as she was hired to be her wet nurse. Elizabethan women were often employed by richer families to raise and wean their babies for them, this profession was known as a wet nurse. In conclusion, Shakespeare used the topic of parent-child relationships heavily in Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare’s goal that he set out to do was to educate the Elizabethan and modern eras that the way things were, were wrong. The star-crossed lovers were destined to die as a way to show that the way parents were treating their children as objects was ultimately going to end in despair; if not for their children then for themselves. The Montague’s and Capulet’s lost their children because of the way they had been treated and I believe Shakespeare wanted his audiences, then and into the far future, to reconsider how they are treating their own children. In this next part of the controlled assessment I will analyse and discuss different poems with the themes of parent-child relationships and then link certain points back to the themes present in Romeo and Juliet. The first poem we studied was ‘Catrin’ by Gillian Clarke; a poem dedicated to her own daughter Catrin. The poem shows the development of mother daughter relationships primarily at birth and during the teenage rebellious period of her life. A theme used throughout the poem is this theme of a ‘tight red rope of love’. This is mentioned or suggested at several points throughout the poem and refers to the umbilical cord. The rope reminds me of a game of ‘tug of war’ a game that crowns a winner, however I believe that this battle is continuing even into Catrin’s teenage years, she is still pushing away, the theme of conflict is present throughout. The first stanza also mentions an ‘environmental blank’ this suggests that the mother is blocking out everything around her and all of her attention is focused on the baby and getting it out; this could show that Catrin’s mother is trying her absolute hardest to get her baby out so that they can begin their lives separately. Clarke also writes ‘I wrote all over the walls with my words’, she isn’t physically getting up and painting the walls with a can of Dulex, she is instead splattering the walls with her own and the baby’s screams and shouts as they fight for freedom. ‘Clean squares’ could be the clean and sterile environment of the hospital or it could be a blank canvas ready to be painted with the memories and conflicts of their relationship to come. Clarke then goes on to write ‘tender circles’ which I believe is the mouths of the mother and child, sore and hoarse from all the screaming and crying both parties have suffered through. Throughout the poem, in between the whole conflict, words such as ‘tender’ and ‘love’ are thrown into the mix contradicting the theme of conflict which is to do with violence and anger. The loving and caring words that are used, I believe, is how Clarke is portraying parent-child relationships. I believe she is trying to say that it is a conflict and it is a struggle, but in between all of the fights and battles are the loving moments parents and children share and that these moments should be held dear. The next poem we studied was ‘Follower’ by Seamus Heaney. Unlike ‘Catrin’ this poem focuses on a father-son relationship. The poem is about a son who’s admiration and respect for his farm-working father runs deep, he aspires to one day be in his father’s position and be just as talented as him, however he always seams to fall behind and in the last stanza he does this and it is now his father following him. The first three stanza’s focus heavily on the father’s skill and expertise, the fact that it took three stanza’s shows just how much he admires his father, it’s almost as if he just can’t be keep quite until everyone knows how amazing his father is. In the second stanza Heaney writes ‘an expert’, this fully shows his admiration towards his father and anyone that doesn’t agree with him is wrong. ‘Single pluck’, ‘exactly’ and ‘polished’ are used and show that the son believes that his father is perfect and has no flaws. Heaney used the word ‘sod’ which is a part of a farmer’s lingo; using this shows that Heaney spent so much time around his father, following him, that he picked up his speech and understands fluently things that working-class people wouldn’t understand. He references boats when he writes ‘dipping and rising in his plod’, the boats could be referencing his fathers strength and determination to reach is goals. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Can we critically analyse Ian McEwans Atonement using psychoanalytic criticism Essay Example

Can we critically analyse Ian McEwans Atonement using psychoanalytic criticism Essay Example Can we critically analyse Ian McEwans Atonement using psychoanalytic criticism Paper Can we critically analyse Ian McEwans Atonement using psychoanalytic criticism Paper here Briony thinks of the scene as a fairytale in which the heroine is to be rescued, this is based on her own upbringing as her parents never really spoke of their relationship as her father worked away a lot, therefore her only understanding of relationships were the ones she read of in books. This may be also understood in Freuds repression, forgetting or ignoring of unresolved conflicts, unadmitted desires or traumatic past events so that they are forced out of the conscious awareness and into the realm of the unconscious5 again due to her own parents relationship crisis Brionys subconscious maybe bringing up imaginations of what constitutes a good marriage. Furthermore this scene she witnesses seems to be a turn in her life as she now realizes what power one could have over the other, and how easy it was to get everything wrong, completely wrong6, as Hidalgo suggests a young girl who cannot understand the world of adults7, this then results in her terminating her play of the Trials of Arabella, instead she decides to work on a novel of what she had just witnessed instead. This fountain scene can also been seen as a key moment for the relationship between Robbie and Cecelia. Never before had Cecelia stripped off in front Robbie and he notes this and remembers every part of her body, a drop of water on her upper arm an embroided flower, a simple daisy, sewn between the cups of her bra. Her breasts wide apart and small.. 8 he starts to realize he has feelings for Cecelia although he knows this maybe farfetched as she is from a middle class and he a lower class, he still believes they could be together Freuds theory of displacement could be applied here. Displacement is one person or event is replace by another which is in some way linked or associated with it, perhaps because of a similar sounding word or by some form of symbolic substitution9. We are told that in his bedroom Robbie has various photographs ; the cast of Twelfth Night on the college lawn, himself as Malvolio10 Malvolio is known in the play as deluded to think he can have a chance with his employer Olivia, Robbie could have displaced this play to his own situation. The use of the fountain could be describe by Freud in terms of association in which an object can be associated with certain feelings11, so in this case the fountain symbolizing the love between Cecelia and Robbie. The use of an Italianate fountain as the site for an apparently trivial moment in the lovers story may contain an allusion to the Italian fountain in Evelyn Waughs Brideshead Revisited. If this is so, it would be another ironic reversal because the country house that gives title to Waughs novel is the ideological, aesthetic, and emotional center of the novel12. Also 13He is also quick to note What might Freud say? How about : she hid the unconscious desire to expose herself to him behind a show of temper14, this invites the reader to start top think of the novel in a Freudian way, are the actions we read about what they seem? Or are they all making up part of the subconscious that is delivered through unintentional actions? The rest of this chapter goes on to give more evidence to support these questions. We go on to read how Robbie wants to send Cecelia a note in which to apologize for breaking the vase, he writes this out in long hand but also he ends up typing a note saying, In my dreams I kiss your cunt, your sweet wet cunt. In my thoughts I make love to you all day long15, he accidently gives the sordid note to Briony to give to Cecelia. The writing of the sordid note can be first seen by Freud as a Freudian slip16 this is where repressed material in the unconscious finds an outlet through such everyday phenomena as slips of the tongue, slips of the pen, or unintended actions, therefore his desires for Celia subconsciously made him write the note without even thinking about what he was writing and secondly he had subconsciously given the sordid note as his subconscious was till focusing on the objects he was observing in his room mainly the Grays Anatomy, Splanchnology section, page 1546, the vagina17. herefore causing his subconscious again to take over his actions. The content of the sordid note can also conjure up psychoanalysis development in the form of the language used. Lancan looks to language to analyse the subconscious in which he states, how could a psychoanalyst of today not realise that his realm of truth is in fact the word18 and that language is a matter of contrast between words and other words there is a barrier between signifier (the word) and the signified (the referent)19. When looking at the word cunt which Robbie uses in his letter to Cecelia, the signified that Robbie intends it to be is the vagina of a woman, however when Cecelia reads the word, she believes it signifies the unnoticed love between her and Robbie a simple phrase chased around in Cecelias thoughts, of course of course how has she not seen it? 20. Briony reads this word to mean that Robbie is a maniac, A maniac. The word had refinement and the weight of medical diagnoses. This showing how each of the characters subconscious has effected the meaning of the term cunt, through Robbies desire of Cecelia, and Celias realization of love, to Brionys analysis that he is mentally ill for using the word. It is then this word that inevitably changes all their lives forever, as now Briony thinks that Robbie is a maniac and threat to the women in her family she then falsely accuse Robbie of raping her cousin Lola when the twins go missing, she believes she is protecting Cecelia from him therefore her lie is buried in her subconscious. Freud sees this irrational decision due to the Oedipus complex eproducing the competition between siblings21 The reason for her distorted view over the figure she though was Robbie who raped Loa may have been bcause she has feeling herself for Robbie and therefore does not want Ceceila to be with him. This can further be supported by the scene where she tests if Robbie loves her by saving her from drowning, Do you know why I wanted you to save me? Because I love you22. Brionys dream in which she is flying could bring with it sexual connotations of desire as Freud maintains in his dreamwork theory that dreaming of flying represents sexual release, or expansion of your awareness23. Towards the end of the novel we realize how it is Briony who has wrote this whole story out of guilt and repentance. Instead of her leading a life at Cambridge, in which she was intended she follows the footsteps of her sister and becomes a nurse. Freud could interpret this as sublimation, which is the transforming of an unacceptable impulse, whether it be sex, anger, fear, or whatever, into a socially acceptable, even productive form in this case Brionys feeling of regret subconsciously lead her to becoming a nurse. Here she helps out a French soldier who has been wounded and it is here she learned a simple, obvious thing she had always known, and everyone knew: that a person is, among all else, a material thing, easily torn, not easily mended24 realizing that when she was younger she was brought up on a diet of imaginative literature, she was too young to understand the dangers that can ensue from modeling ones conduct on such an artificial world25. Briony now realizes everything she did in the past she looked on with what Freud calls projection negative aspects of ourselves are not recognized as ourselves, at the time she sent Robbie to jail she did not realize she did it out of sub conscious feelings jealousy and spite of her sister, she was determined the figure she saw was Robbie, therefore attempting to use fiction to correct the errors that fiction caused her to commit.